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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Protopolybia exigua ： ウィキペディア英語版 Protopolybia exigua ''Protopolybia exigua'' is a species of vespid wasp found in South America and Southern Brazil.〔Noll,Fernando B. "Morphological Caste Differences in Neotropical Swarm-FoundingPolistinae Wasps. V-Protopolybia Exigua Exigua (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." ''Journal of the New York Entomological Society'' 104.1/2 (1996): 62-69. ''JSTOR''. Web. . 〕 These neotropical wasps, of the tribe Epiponini, form large colonies with multiple queens per colony. ''P. exigua'' are small wasps that find nourishment from nectar and prey on arthropods.〔Gastreich, K. R., J. E. Strassman, and D. C. Queller. "Determinants of High Genetic Relatedness in the Swarm-founding Wasp, Protopolybia-exigua." ''Ethology, Ecology & Evolution'' 5.4 (1993): 529-39. Print. 〕〔Rocha, AA, and Carlos Costa Bichara Filho. "Resources Taken to the Nest by Protopolybia Exigua (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Different Phases of the Colony Cycle, in a Region of the Medio Sao Fransisco River, Bahia, Brazil." ''Sociobiology ''54.2 (2009): 439-56. Print.〕 Their nests are disc-shaped and hang from the undersides of leaves and tree branches.〔 This particular species of wasp can be hard to study because they frequently abandon their nests.〔Souza, A. R. De, D. De F. A. Venancio, F. Prezoto, and J. C. Zanuncio. "SOCIAL WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) NESTING IN EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS IN MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL." ''The Florida Entomologist'' 95.4 (2012): 1000-002. ''JSTOR''. Web.. 〕 ''P. exigua'' continuously seek refuge from phorid fly attacks and thus often flee infested nests to build new ones. The wasps’ most common predators are ants and the parasitoid phorid flies from the Phoridae family.〔Simones, Dercio, Fernando B. Noll, and Ronaldo Zucchi. "Duration of Protopolybia Exigua Exigua (de Saussure) Nests and Related Aspects as Influenced by Phorid Fly Infestation (Vespidae, Polistinae, Epiponini)." ''Sociobiology ''28.1 (1996): 121-29. Print.〕 == Taxonomy and Phylogeny == The Epiponini belong to the swarm-founding wasp subfamily Polistinae.〔Noll, F. B., and R. Zucchi. "Castes and the Influence of the Colony Cycle in Swarm-founding Polistine Wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Epiponini)." ''Insectes Sociaux'' 49.1 (2002): 62-74. ''Springer Link''. Web..〕 Epiponini are neotropical swarm-founding wasps characterized by large, multiple-queen colonies.〔STRASSMANN, J.E., GOODNIGHT, K. F., KLINGLER, C. J. and QUELLER, D. C. (1998), The genetic structure of swarms and the timing of their production in the queen cycles of neotropical wasps. Molecular Ecology, 7: 709–718. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00381.x〕 The ''Protopolybia ''genus consists of small paper wasps. Ducke (1905) morphologically separated ''Protopolybia'' from ''Pseudochartergus'' and established their close relation due to physical similarity of a medial posterior process on the metanotum.〔Carpenter, James M., and John W. Wenzel. "Synonymy of the Genera Protopolybia and Pseudochartergus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae)." ''Psyche. ''96.3-4 (1980): 177-86. Print.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Protopolybia exigua」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.